Lexical Expression of Eroticism between Male and Female Authors in Indonesian Prose 2000-2015: Analysis of Stylistic
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume IV, Issue VIII, August 2020|ISSN 2454-6186
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to find out the differences in using the erotic expression in Indonesian prose written between 2000-2015 by male and female authors The theory used in this study is the theory of linguistic stilistics from Geoffery Leech and Michael H. Short. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive study. The sample was taken using purposive sampling. The technique of data analysis used flow models. The result of this research indicates that male and female authors use different words choices (diction) of eroticism. The words are classified into two categories. Those categories are words which refer to organ and erotic activity. It was also found that male and female authors have similar variations in expressing genital organs. However, female authors are more varied in expressing erotic activity than male authors.
Key words: Expression, Lexical, Eroticism
I. INTRODUCTION
Literary work is one of the cultural products in certain societies and periods (Maknun et al., 2019, Hasyim, 2020). The author lives and interacts with the social environment so he is called a social and cultured creature. As the social and cultural creatures, the authors cannot live without others in the society as their human basic characters, the need for interaction (Ariesta, 2019, Kaharuddin, Hasyim, 2020). It cannot be denied the social background of the authors having an effect in their creative writing. The condition in the society whether their domestic life, politic, tradition can be reflected in their works. Author observation to their surrounding then was put on the literary works in the form of language application (Notifasari, et al, 2020.
One form of the implications of the influence of time (period) in literary works can be seen in the era of the 2000s when a new phenomenon emerged. Many literary works with the theme of eroticism were written by female authors, and no longer dominated by male authors. Some names are famous later such as Ayu Utami, Djenar Maesa Ayu, Oka Rusmini, Herlina Tien, and others. Their work contains taboo discourse transformed into reading and has a place on the side of the reader. Their works have been criticized by many critics. At the end their works deserve to be appreciated as a contemporary literature which their characters as brave, controversial, and experimental (Ayu, 2007, Arafah, Hasyim, 2019). The work is considered phenomenal because it violates the habits of women who always adhere to the norms and
principles of taboo. In addition, there are many male authors who use sexuality as part of his work, for example Maman Suherman, Muhidin M. Dahlan, Eka Kurniawan, Seno Gumira A, Moammar Emka, and others.
Departing from this phenomenon, the problem statement is proposed as follows: how are the different forms of word choice (diction) of eroticism used by male and female authors to express the idea of eroticism in Indonesian prose from 2000 to 2015? Based on the problem statement, the objective of this study then was to find out the differences in the choice of words (diction) of eroticism written by male and female authors in Indonesian prose from 2000 to 2015.
This study was expected to contribute to the development of Indonesian linguistic theory in the field of stylistics, especially Geoffrey N. Leech's and Michael H., Short's linguistic stylistic theory. Therefore, this research is expected to be as references in the learning process, especially in stylistic science to be used as an axes for the analysis of literary works by lecturers, students, and learners in the field of Indonesian linguistics.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Darwis (2010) said that stylistics can be divided into two subfields, namely linguistic stylistic and literary stylistic. According to him, linguistic stylistics emphasizes the importance of extending linguistic facts not to assess the aesthetic aspects they contain but to find personal or social characteristics of poets, at least showing a contrast between the language of poetry and everyday language. Then, literary stylistics emphasizes the importance of expressing the aesthetic value of literary works based on the facts of language that are deliberately made different from the generally accepted language in society (Maknun, et al., 2019; Kuswarini et al. 2020). This study attempts to apply a linguistic stylistic analysis of the different forms of lexical eroticism in Indonesian prose works written by male and female authors from 2000 to 2015.
Leech and Short (1993) revealed that stylistics is a style study (in terms of linguistics). Leech and Short (1993) set limits on the stile and formed the basis of their thinking on stylistics. Stile according to them; (1) style is how language is used, i.e. it is classified in parole, not langue; (2) style consists of several choices made from the treatment of language; (3) style is limited by the area of language use, i.e. choices made by certain authors, genres, or texts); (4) stylistics (study of style) specifically related to literary language; (5) relates to the illumination of the relationship between style and literary or aesthetic functions; (6) the clear style, suggests the possibility of paraphrasing, while the blurred style suggests that a text cannot be paraphrased satisfactorily, and the interpretation of the text is so dependent on the imagination and creativity of the reader; (7) choice of linguistic aspects related to various alternative ways to present the same conversation content.
Leech and Short divides stylistic categories into five classifications. They are lexical, grammatical, figurative language, cohesion, and context. Leech and Short (1993) view that lexical category analysis is used to find out how word choices involve different types of meaning. The lexical category includes lexical items from a text in the general sense. This analysis also investigates the types of groups of words used in the text. There are many different lexical categories, but the most common notions are nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, exclamations, and conjunctions which are the main points of view in the lexical category.
III. RESEARCH METHOD
This research applied qualitative approach. The subject of this research study was a phenomenon that appeared in Indonesian prose, which was a form of lexical expression of eroticism written by male and female authors from 2000 to 2015. This study used descriptive analysis methods. Descriptive analysis method was done by describing the data findings to be analyzed in depth. According to Arikunto (2010), the descriptive analysis method is to collect as much data as
possible about the factors that are supporting the research, then analyzed to look for its role in the research results. Sampling in this study was conducted by purposive sampling technique. The samples in this study can be seen in the following table.
Table 1. Sample of Primary Data
Data collection procedures used library review procedures, refer to the method, note taking techniques, and reflective introspective. Data analysis techniques used flow models (flow models) with three components after data collection, namely: (1) data reduction, (2) data presentation, and (3) drawing conclusions or verification (Hasyim, 2014).
IV. DISCUSSION
The choice of words (diction) of eroticism displayed by male and female authors in Indonesian prose from 2000 to 2015 is categorized in two forms, erotic organ diction and diction of erotic activity.
4.1 Erotic Organ Diction
The choice of words (diction) of the erotic organs by male and female authors used in Indonesian prose can be seen in the following table.
Table 2.
Table 2 indicates both male and female authors used the similar words related to the organ in expressing eroticism. Number 1 on the table indicates four words used in the text in
referring male genital organ by both male and female authors. Male authors choose words: kontol, kuntul, penis, and falus, while female author took words: kontol, kenti, penis, dan
zakar. There are two different lexical, kuntul dan falus by male authors and kunti dan zakar by female authors. Analysis of the components of meaning to the words kontol, kuntul, penis, kenti, kontil, zakar, and falus can be observed as follows.
falus [+noun, +Organs /genitals, +Men, + Culture, + polite]
kuntul [+noun, +Organs /genitals, +Men, + Metaphors/figures of speech, + polite]
kontol [+noun, +Organs /genitals, +Men, + Slang/slang, - polite]
penis [+noun, +Organs /genitals, +Men, + Biology/Medicine, + polite]
kenti [+noun, +Organs /genitals , +Men +Slang/slang, - polite]
kontil [+noun, +Organs /genitals, +Men, +Slang/slang, - polite]
zakar [+noun, +Organs /genitals, +Men, +Arkhais (Ar), - polite]
The seventh component falus, kuntul, kontol, kenti, kontil, penis, and zakar comes from the noun category or noun, from the body's organs or genitals that are owned by men. The use of these seven words can be seen in the following quotation.
Example 1.
a. “..What do you know about kontol.?”... (EK, 2014:35)
c. “..What did you learn from The bird Kuntul.?”...” (EK,2014:123)
d. “…In the room dimly lit kontol, breasts, and memek strewn up and down following the music. …” (MS, 2014:213)
Example 2
a. “... Penis, vagina, breast, hairy chest, or not, scattered everywhere became my free spectacle. ...” (MS, 2014;131)
b. “…If the penis uses a condom, for the sake of cleanliness and vaginal health you should use a finger condom. …” (MS, 2014:108).
c. “…Guests usually use their penis condoms to avoid disease. …” (MS, 2014:58)
Example 3
a. “..He can only supply his half-open mouth for the needs of the phallic world.. ...” (MD, 2003:219)
b. “...Phallus. Phallic world. The world of men. He destroyed me. He tainted my life....” (MD, 2003:219)
c. “...So unfair the rules that were born from the phallic channel. ...” MD, (2003:221).
Example 4
a. “...Si Olin also told me the story about the kenti sucking. ...” (DMA, 2005:91).
b.“...And I named her clitoris because it's like a small kontol. (AU, 2013:223)
c. “…He dreamed he could ride him until his kontil erect....” (AU, 2013:140)
Example 5
a.“... Men who have large penis horses...” (DMA, 2005:80).
b.“…I can not recognize it as a penis. …” (AU, 2013:135).
c.“…I also know that penises tend to be curved. …”(AU, 2013:81).
Example 6
a. “..The man pierced the zakar, in the view of all the animals in the park, until the glands of the liquid gushed in the burrow, which smelled of lust.. ...” (AU, 2013:223).
b. “…His feet are attached by chains attached to roots that are jagged like balls. …” (AU, 2013:222).
c. “…He unzipped the man's trousers containing the veined testicles/zakar.…” (AU, 2013:144).
Words: kontol, kuntul, and kenti, are used just in daily interaction mostly by the young people (slang) that in the perspective of sociocultural tradition is considered taboo or impolite in public. Number 2 on the table indicated that male authors had more words indicating female genital organ than female authors. Male authors used memek and guagarba, while female used liang.
The data at number 3 indicated that female authors described puting (nipple) similar to male authors do. Both applied the same reference, similar case to organ buah dada (breast) as indicated by data number 4. Both authors presented two words associated to breast, payudara. The differences laid on the words dada by male and susu by female. Dada refers to the area on the chest where the breast are positioned on the body. Female authors used more specific noun, susu, to be more erotic.
dada [+noun, + Organs, + Human, + Front, (upper abdomen under neck)]
payudara [+noun, + Organs, - Men, + Front, (upper abdomen under neck) + Stand out,+ Biology / Medicine, +polite]
susu [+noun, + Chest organ, -Men,+ Front, (upper abdomen under neck), + Stand out, +Popular, - polite]
Lexical categorized nouns, the chest is an organ of the human body at the front (upper abdomen under the neck). That is, the reference is still broad (general) not specific to certain parts. Lexical breast is a prominent female organ in the chest and is used in the fields of biology, health, and medicine. The word
breast can be used openly and is considered a form of euphemism rather than the words susu and tetek. So, the word susu is used rather roughly in speech. This lexical usage can be observed through the following quotation .
Example 7
a. “…Your susu header is soft. ...” (AU, 2013:78). b. “… I do not suck breast susu. …” (DMA, 2005:91). c. “… I do not suck breast susu. …” (DMA, 2005:43) d.
Example 8.
a. “... He began to kiss the part of my chest. Bite it until a red bruise. ...” (MD, 2003:126).
b. “... He could see his fingers on his stomach, turn next time, let the back of his fingers, fingernails, touch the surface of the chest. ...” EK, 2014:100).
c. “... Mr. Toto will wrap his arms around Iteung's shoulder, then his fingers touch the girl's chest, with a naughty touch. ...” (EK, 2014:160).
Referring to the lexical at number 5, male authors used word klitoris instead of klentit which is used by female authors. The word klitoris is an euphemism from the lexical klentit or itil.
The male authors tend to use euphemism to taboo to be written for public.
From the explanation of the eroticism organ diction it can be seen that male and female authors have almost the same number of sexuality organ disclosures, however, there was word, vagina, which was used in more variative way by male author. Male authors are freer in expressing female genital diction, so they have more variations in diction than female authors. Meanwhile, female authors describe male genital organ in the same number of words as male authors. Although, the word kontol by the female author was changed to diction, kenti, however, the meaning of the word still has the same reference of male genital organ. Another word used by female authors in describing male genital organ was zakar. It is not common in conversation because it is considered impolite, while male authors used word falus which is related to the medical term.
4.2 Diction of Erotic Activity
The data of diction of erotic activity indicated some differences used by male and female authors. The following table showed the description on some variety of diction used that indicated erotic activities.
Table 3.
Number 1 to 4 at table 3 indicated that both male and female authors had some ways in describing erotic activities. Number 1 indicated that both male and female authors had similar word in describing sexual intercourse, sanggama and seks. However, female authors added another word, masturbasi (onani), to single sexual activity. At number 3, female authors used words orgasme and klimaks indicating the sexual pleasure. Furthermore, the eroticism displayed by the female author in the word orgasm is explained up to the word ejakulasi emitting semen out of the testiclesas a form of events that occur in orgasm. This indicates that female authors described the event of orgasm to a more detailed and comprehensive.
In contrast, male authors in table 2 number 4, have more choice of words in mentioning the female prostitute. Male authors had four words representing prostitute, they are pelacur, lonte, perek, and jalang. Female authors used words pelacur and jalang for the same reference. Male and female authors use the terms prostitutes and jalang interchangeably to refer to women who are prostitutes or prostitutes (http//:kbbi.web.id). However, these two words actually have somewhat different components of meaning.
jalang [+adjective, -men, + Self name, +Metaphor, +polite]
prostitutes [+Nomina (N), -men, + Self name, +polite]
Lexical jalang adjective type of word is a metaphorical form of the word prostitute. That is, the word jalang is more refined in open space than the word prostitute. The following example gives a description of the use of the word prostitute and jalang by male authors.
Example 9
a. “...Still not standing despite the twelve naked prostitutes in front of him, and all things have been tried. ...” (EK, 2014:30).
b. ”… How he was ridiculed and insulted by society was indefinite because he was a prostitute. …” (MS, 2014:24)
c. “… But what's the difference between a prostitute and a woman with a wife?…” (MD, 2003:204).
Example 10
a. “... Didi knew through his mouth that I, their youngest son, was no longer a salafi Islamic activist, but had changed my status to become a jalang who had moved from one male embrace to another, from one inn to another. ...” (MD, 2003:206).
b. “...I imagined, my father's pasi face would be even worse to remember his youngest child had become a jalang. ...” (MD, 2003:207).
c. ”… Women who have sex outside this institution are cruelly positioned as women who are very despicable, tuna, prostitute, jalang, and do not deserve to be proud. …” (MD, 2003:204).
However, male authors vary the lexical jalang and the prostitute through the use of the word lonte and perek. Look at the following components of the meaning of the word lonte and perek.
lonte [+Noun, -men, + Self name, +Popular/Slang, -polite]
perek [+Noun, -men, + Self name, +Popolar/Slang, + Abbreviation, -polite)
The results of the analysis of the meaning components show that the word lonte is a lexical slang with a rough taste value. While lexical perek is an abbreviated form of experimental woman. The formation of this acronym with the intention of smoothing the meaning of prostitutes or prostitutes, but in its development became the word slang meaning prostitute women (https://www.serbatahu.com). The original intention was to form a recording acronym to give the term more polite to women. However, in its development as a slang word, the word perek has a poor tone, is more coarse than the word lonte, prostitute, and jalang. So, lexical lonte and perek have a rough meaning that is often used in expressing prostitution activities in everyday relationships.
The following excerpt clarifies the use of the word perek and lonte from male authors as variations made to apply style as a choice of possibilities.
Example 11
a. “… I want to know the lives of lonte. You want to invite me. ...” (MD, 2003:120).
b. ”…Lonte, he murmured. In front of Iteung kneeling on the floor while crying staring at him. …” (EK, 2014:157).
c. “… If you continue to be a lonte, you will become a lonte to death. …” (MS, 2014:40).
Example 12
a. “... But, a perek sitting next to me whispered something that gave me goosebumps ...” (MS, 2014:62).
b. ”… The Perek who laughed at me. …” (EK, 2014:235).
c. ”… Perek, he muttered as he turned to leave Iteung. …” (EK. 2014:157).
This variation is used by male authors to produce emphasis according to the meaning contained in each of these words. If the form is replaced with another form, the resulting meaning becomes different. Therefore, male authors are more vulgar in expressing the preoccupations of commercial sex workers than female authors. This showed that male authors are freer to tag prostitute than female authors. Labeling by male authors showed that male authors were more open in speaking. Euphemism for prostitute are usually indicated by the words wanita panggilan or penjaja seks, (Sutarman, 2013:57-89). Data at number 2 indicated that male authors used word syahwat or the temptation to have sexual intercourse., while female authors used word nafsu. From data
number 2, male authors express erotic activity directly, while female authors use a choice of subtle words in expressing the same event.
Then, male authors in table 3 number 5 used word ngaceng, while female authors used erection to refer to a state of tension because of being filled with blood when lust arises, occurring on the penis. Lexical ngaceng „laughing loudly‟ in Javanese (https://kitabgaul.com), while the word erection „tense state due to being filled with blood when lust arises (on the penis; clitoris)‟ (https://kbbi.web.id) is a form of euphemism from the word ngaceng or the expression of standing pubic. Lexical ngaceng can be varied with the word erection but male authors do not do it as a form of word refinement. Pay attention to the analysis of the meaning components in the words erection and ngaceng.
ereksi [+Noun, + Tension , +Kelamin, + Biology / Medicine , +polite]
ngaceng [+Verba, + Laugh, +Javanese,, +Methafor, +polite]
So, lexical erections and ngaceng come from different word classes. Erectile lexical comes from the noun word class, while ngaceng is from the verb class. This gives an illustration that the word ngaceng used by the author wants to describe the activities of eroticism that occur. Male authors do not expect the form of a tense state as contained in lexical erections, but only want to give birth to metaphors depicting hard activity. So, the 'hard' metaphor of sex is compared by the author. This lexical usage can be seen in the following quotation.
Example 13
a. “...I say again, I can't ngaceng ...” (EK, 2014:89).
b. ”… I will only return if the bird has an ngaceng …” (EK, 2014:61)
c. ”… Of course he wanted to say something unspoken, my mouth could not ngaceng. …” (EK, 2014:60).
Example 14
“...a woman does not control her own body, lest she has never experienced an klimaks. ...” (AU, 2013:65).
Example 15
“... When aroused, they erect. When they reach the peak of pleasure, they ejaculate. ...” (DMA, 2005:78)
Female authors prefer medical absorption words that are considered as substitutes for words that refer to the same situation. The word ngaceng from Javanese „laugh loudly or loudly‟ which then has the same meaning as erection.
V. CONCLUSION
The choice of the word eroticism that is used by male and female authors in the idea of eroticism is divided into two, namely the choice of the word organ eroticism and the choice of the word eroticism activities. Variations in the choice of the
word organ eroticism related to organs of human sexuality, both female genital organs and male genital organs, such as the vagina and penis. It can be described as well by the genital physiology organs, such as clitoris „klitoris’, as well as another part of the body to impress the erotic nuances, such as breast „payudara or susu’. In term of erotic activities like profession, most diction used are such as bitches „pelacur, jalang, and perek’. Diction for sexual activities indicated eroticism used words such as copulation „sanggama’, erection ‘ereksi’, and masturbating „masturbasi’, and sexual desire such as lust „birahi, nafsu, and syahwat’. There are a number of socio-cultural taboos expressed openly used both the erotic organ diction and the erotic activity diction. Variations of erotic organ diction which was considered taboo such as penis „kontol, kuntul, kenti’, and pussy ‘memek’. While diction for the taboo erotic activities were indicated by words such as
bitches „perek, pelacur, jalang’, and erection „ngaceng’.
REFERRENCES
[1] Arafah, Burhanuddin, Hasyim, Muhammad. 2019. Linguistic functions of emoji in social media communication. Opción, Vol. 35, No. 24, 558-574
[2] Arikunto. Suharsimi. 2010. Research Procedure: A Practical Approach. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
[3] Ariesta, F.W. 2019. Nilai Moral dalam Lirik Dolanan Cublak Cublak Suweng. Jurnal Ilmu Budaya. Vol. 7, No. 2, 188-192 [4] Ayu, Djenar Maesa. 2005. Nayla. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
[5] Ayu, Djenar Maesa. 2007. Don't Play With (Your Gender). Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
[6] Dahlan, Muhidin M. 2005. God, Let Me Be a Prostitute. Yogyakarta: Scripta Manent.
[7] Darwis, Muhammad. 2010. “The Abnormalities of Grammar in Indonesian Poetry: Study of Stylistics ". Unraveling the Malay World Alliance in the Context of Indonesia-Malaysia Allied Nation Relations (Book 1). Yogyakarta: Ombak.
[8] Darwis, Muhammad dan Kamsinah. 2013.” "The use of euphemism as a politeness strategy told in Buginese language: a statistical analysis". ARCHEOLOGY, HISTORY AND CULTURE Proceedings of the 2nd International Archeology, History and Culture Seminar in Malay. Thing. 39-46. Malaysia: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 26 - 27 November 2013.
[9] Hasyim, Muhammad. 2014. Konstruksi Mitos dan Ideologi dalam Teks Iklan Komersial Televisi: Suatu Analisis Semiologi. Disertasi. Makassar: Program Pascarajana Universitas Hasanuddin.
[10] Hasyim, Muhammad. 2017. The Metaphor of Consumerism. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 523-530
[11] Hasyim, Muhammad Dr., Akhmar, A.M., Kuswarini, P., Wahyuddin. 2019. Foreign Tourists' Perceptions of Toraja as a Cultural Site in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure. Volume 8 (3)
[12] Hasyim, M., Prasuri Kuswarini, P., Kaharuddin. 2020. Semiotic Model for Equivalence and Non-Equivalence in Translation. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews. 8 (3), 381-391.
[13] Kaharuddin, Hasyim, Muhammad. 2020. The Speech Act of Complaint: Socio-Cultural Competence Used by Native Speakers of English and Indonesian. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24 (06), 14016-14028.
[14] Kuswarini, Prasuri, Muhammad Hasyim, M., Chotimah, Irma N.H. 2020. Othering The Self as A Form of Mimicry in The English Translation of Hirata‟s Laskar Pelangi. Journa Of Critical Reviews. Vol 7, Issue 19, 1286-1295
[15] Kurniawan, Eka. 2014. Like Revengefulness Must Be Paid Completely. Jakarta: PT Gramedia.
[16] Leech dan Short. 1993. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose (terjemahan Umar Junus) London: Longman Group UK.
[17] Maknun, T., Hasjim, M., Muslimat, M., and Hasyim, M. 2019. The form of the traditional bamboo house in the Makassar culture: A cultural semiotic study. Semiotica. In press. https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2017-0162
[18] Nofitasari, D.V., Rosyadi,I., Muslimin, M., Hendrawan, R., Yudistio,K., Sa’adah, Z., Dharmawan, A.S. 2020. Harmonisasi Masyarakat Tengger dalam Upacara Yadnya Karo. Jurnal Ilmu Budaya. Vol. 8., No. 1, 140-145.
[19] Rukmini, Oka. 2014. Earth dance. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
[20] Suherman, Maman. 2014. RE. Jakarta: PT Gramedia. [21] Sutarman. 2013. Taboo Language and Euphemism. Surakarta: Yuma Pustaka.
[22] Utami, Ayu. 2013. Saman. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. https://kamuskesehatan.id/glossary. Dictionary of Health, Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy and Midwifery.
https://kbbi.web.id. Indonesia Dictionary. Online.
Reviewed by idiomatik
on
May 18, 2022
Rating:
.png "PALLAKE: THE MEANING OF A COMMUNITY TRADITION RITUAL OF PADANG MANDAR")
No comments: